ચાલુક્ય શૈલીના બાંધકામના મંદિરો તો વિશ્વ વિખ્યાત છે જ, પણ ચાલુક્ય શૈલીનાં કિલ્લાનું બાંધકામ પણ અદભુત હોય છે. ચાલુક્ય પ્રાચીન ભારતનો એક પ્રસિદ્ધ રાજવંશ રહ્યો છે. આ રાજવંશની રાજધાની બાદામી કે બદામી (વાતાપી) હતી. પોતાના શ્રેષ્ઠ સમયે ૭મી શતાબ્દીમાં ચાલુક્ય સામ્રાજ્ય વર્તમાનના સંપૂર્ણ કર્ણાટક, સંપૂર્ણ મહારાષ્ટ્ર, પશ્ચિમી આંધ્ર પ્રદેશ, દક્ષિણી મધ્ય પ્રદેશ અને ગુજરાતના કેટલાક ભાગ સુધી ફેલાયેલું હતું.
ગુજરાતમાં લાંબો સમય શાસન કરનાર સોલંકી વંશ પણ ચાલુક્ય વંશનો જ એક શાખા વંશ હતો.
ગુજરાતમાં આ શાખાના વંશનો હતા, 👇🏻
૯૪૦-૯૯૭ મૂળરાજ
૧૦૨૨-૧૦૬૪ ભીમદેવ પ્રથમ
૧૦૬૪-૧૦૯૪કર્ણદેવ પ્રથમ
૧૦૯૪-૧૧૪૦ સિદ્ધરાજ જયસિંહ
૧૧૪૩-૧૧૭૨ કુમારપાળ
૧૧૭૨-૧૨૪૪ બાળ મૂળરાજ
૧૧૭૮-૧૨૪૨ ભીમદેવ દ્વિતીય
૧૨૪૨-૧૨૪ ત્રિભુવનપાળ
ચાલુક્ય રાજવંશના શાસન હેઠળ અનેક મંદિરોનાં બાંધકામ અને જીર્ણોદ્ધાર થયાં. ગુજરાતમાં બરડા ગોપ મંદિર, સોમનાથ મંદિર, દ્વારકાધીશ (જગત મંદિર), શામળાજી મંદિર અને સિદ્ધપુર રુદ્રમહાલય સહિત ઘણા સ્થાપત્યો - મંદિરો ચાલુક્ય શૈલીનાં છે.
ચાલુક્ય શૈલીનાં બાંધકામના કિલ્લા પણ ઘણા પ્રચલિત છે. ચાલુક્ય રાજવંશના મૂળ સ્થાન દક્ષિણ ભારતમાં ચાલુક્ય શૈલીના બેનમૂન કિલ્લા છે એમાંથી જ એક કિલ્લો એટલે ચિત્રદુ્ર્ગ, કર્ણાટક.
આ કિલ્લાનું બાંધકામ ૧૩મીથી ૧૬મી સદી દરમિયાન ચાલુક્ય શૈલીથી થયું છે.
ચાલુક્ય ગુર્જર રાજવંશ ભારતના પ્રાચીન ઇતિહાસનો પ્રખ્યાત રાજવંશ છે તેમની રાજધાની બદામી (વટપી) છે તેમના રાજવંશની સ્થાપના દક્ષિણ માં થઈ હતી અને ગુજરાત રાજ્યના પુષ્કળ વિકાસ તેમની ભાષા કન્નડ અને સંસ્કૃત છે અને તેમનો ધર્મ હિન્દુ અને જૈન ધર્મ છે. આ બંને ધર્મો છે. તેઓ માને છે. તેમનું સામ્રાજ્ય હાલના કર્ણાટક, પશ્ચિમ મહારાષ્ટ્ર, દક્ષિણ મધ્યપ્રદેશ, દરિયાકાંઠાના દક્ષિણ ગુજરાત અને પશ્ચિમ આંધ્રપ્રદેશ સુધી વિસ્તર્યું છે.
જયસિંમ્હા એ કદમ્બ વંશ ને પલ્લવ વંશજો સાથે રાખીને પાયો નાંખવામાં સફળ રહ્યા બાદ રણરાગ પલ્લવો ને હરાવી મજબુત સત્તા સ્થાપિત કરવામાં સફળ રહ્યાં પછી ના અનુક્રમે પુલકેશિત123 થયાં જેમાં 3પુલકેશિત ખુબ જ સંઘર્ષ કર્યો માળવા સામે જીત હાંસલ કરી હતી. અને ત્યારબાદ નવસારી અને પાટણ ખાતે રાજસત્તા સ્થાપના કરી હતી.
૧) વિરૂપાક્ષ મંદિર
આ સુંદર મંદિર ઈ.સ.740 પટ્ટડકલ, કર્ણાટક, ભારત ખાતેનું વિરૂપાક્ષ મંદિર છે 🇮🇳
યુનેસ્કોએ પટ્ટડકલને "ઉત્તરી અને દક્ષિણ ભારતના સ્થાપત્ય સ્વરૂપોનું સુમેળભર્યું મિશ્રણ" અને તેની ઊંચાઈ પર "સારગ્રાહી કલા"નું ઉદાહરણ તરીકે વર્ણવ્યું છે. આ મંદિર જટિલ ફ્રિઝ અને ઉત્તરીય અને દક્ષિણ શૈલીના સંમિશ્રણ સાથે સૌથી અત્યાધુનિક મંદિરો છે. પાપનાથ અને વિરુપક્ષ મંદિરોમાં જોવા મળે છે.
વિક્રમાદિત્ય II ની રાણી દ્વારા બનાવવામાં આવેલ આ પ્રાચીન મંદિર ભગવાન શિવને સમર્પિત છે. તે કર્ણાટકના સૌથી જૂના મંદિરોમાંનું એક છે. એ જાણવું અગત્યનું છે કે પટ્ટડકલ, બદામી અને આઈહોલ પ્રાચીન સ્થાપત્ય અને કોતરણી માટે ખૂબ જ પ્રખ્યાત છે.
ચાલુક્ય વંશ સાથે જોડાયેલા.
૨) Sculpture of Vishnu in Badami cave 3
૩) Aihole & Pattadakal – The Cradle of South Indian Temple Architecture
Aihole and Pattadakal located on the banks of Malaprabha River are often considered as the cradle of South Indian architecture. The south Indian Temple architecture was experimented and evolved in these places in the 5th and 6th centuries. Once in Badami, these are a must visit for any travel enthusiast. You can visit both Aihole and Pattadakal in a single day from Badami if you set out in the early morning. It is best to start with the morning bus to Aihole (one hour). Frequent buses run between Aihole and Pattadakal (half an hour) and from Pattadakal to Badami (one hour).
AIHOLE
Aihole was earlier known as Ayyavole and Aryapura in in the ancient inscriptions. It was established in the 450 AD as the first capital of Chalukya kings and has about 125 stone temples some of which were constructed as experimental structures by artisans of Chalukayan period. The early Chalukyas inherited architectural styles largely from their neighbours to the north and south of their kingdom. The Chalukyan artisans brought together the prevailing styles in their neighbourhood to create the Chalukyan style. The prominent temple groups at Aihole are the Kontigudi group and the Galgantha group of temples, although historians have divided all the temples into 22 groups.
The most impressive temple in Aihole is Durga Temple which dates to the 7th century. It is notable for its semicircular apse which was copied from Buddhist architecture and for the remains of the curvilinear sikhara. Intricate carvings adorn the colonnaded passageway around the temple sanctuary. To the south of the Durga Temple are several other collections of temples the Gandar, Ladkhan, Kontigudi and Hucchapaya groups with pavilions and slightly sloping roofs.
👉Lad Khan Temple consists of a shrine with two mantapas in front of it. The shrine bears Shiva Lingam.
The Lad Khan Temple
Ravan Phadi cave is one of the oldest rock cut temple in Aihole. The Temple dates back to the 6th century, with rectangular shrine, with two mantapas. There is a Shivlinga in the sanctum sanctorum. The walls and sides of the temple are covered with large figures including dancing Shiva.
About a kilometre from the Durga temple on a hilltop is the Jain Meguti temple. It is the only dated monument built in 634 AD. The temple sits on a raised platform, and flight of stairs leads to another shrine on the roof, directly above the main shrine. From the roof of this temple one can have panoramic view of the surrounding plain with 100 or more temples scattered all around. This temple which was probably never completed gives important evidence of the early development in Dravidian style of architecture. The inscription on the outer wall of the temple records the construction of the temple by Ravikeerthi, a scholar in the court of emperor Pulakeshin II.
PATTADAKAL
Pattadakal also spelled as Pattadakallu is located on the left bank of Malaprabha River and about 10 kilometres from Aihole. It is here that the Chalukyan kings were coronated. There are ten temples at Pattadakal including a Jain sanctuary belonging to various architectural styles. The Chalukyan style of temple architecture originated in Aihole and evolved their distinctive style at Pattadakal. There are many Kannada language inscriptions at Pattadakal. The site displays both Nagara and Dravidian style of architecture.
Virupaskha temple is the largest and grandest of all temples in Pattadakal built in 8th century by Queen Lokamhadevi to commemorate her husband’s (Vikramaditya II) victory over the Pallavas of Kanchi.
👉Sangameshvara Temple
It is the oldest temple in Pattadakal, built by Chalukya King Vijayaditya Satyashraya. The temple is in Dravidian style.
Sangameshvara temple, Pattadakal built in 725 AD
Badami Chalukya architecture is a style in Hindu temple architecture that evolved in the 5th – 8th centuries CE in the Malaprabha river basin, in the present-day Bagalkot district of Karnataka state of India, under the Chalukya dynasty; later it spread more widely. This style is sometimes called the Vesara style and Chalukya style, a term that also includes the much later Western Chalukya architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries.
👉Mallikarjuna Temple
is smaller version of the Virupaksha temple and was built by Vikramaditya’s second queen Trilokymahadevi in 745 AD.
Trailokeshwar bhattarak ( Mallikarjun )) Temple : I
Also known as Trailokeshwara Maha Saila Prasada, Mallikarjuna temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple is situated in the south of Kashi Vishwanath Temple, southwest of Sangameshwara Temple, and is near the Virupaksha Temple. This temple is part of the Pattadakal Group of Monuments (a UNESCO world heritage site). The Mallikarjuna Temple is constructed during the rule of the Chalukyan Empire by the second wife of the Chalukya King Vikramaditya– Trailokyamahadevi.
The Mallikarjuna Temple has a lot in common with the Virupaksha Temple as it was built during the same time and has quite a similar layout and design. Amidst the similarities between these two temples, the Mallikarjuna Temple has some architectural elements that make it different from the Virupaksha Temple.
The temple depicts South Indian Vimana-style architecture. The central sanctum (Garbha Gruh) has a Shiva Ling. A small shrine of Goddess Durga is established in front of the sanctum. The goddess Durga is shown as Mahishasuramardini killing a demon. Inside the temple, a Nandi-Mandap is situated. There sits Nandi (vehicle of Lord Shiva) facing the sanctum. The Nandi-Mandapa which is now partially damaged differs in detail from the one situated in its larger neighbouring temple – the Virupaksha temple. Inside the temple is a community hall (pillared Sabha Mandapa) and a huge gateway built in the Dravidian style of architecture.
The beautiful and unique features that distinguish the Malliarjuna Temple from Virupaksha Temple are a depiction of dancing Shiv (Nataraj) and that the roof of Mallikarjuna Temple is hemispherical in shape whereas the roof of Virupaksha Temple is square.
On the wall of the temple, one can see stone carvings depicting stories and legends of Hindu epics – Ramayana and Mahabharata. The Mukhmandapa has
been carved with tales from the epics and other ancient scriptures. There are legends of Hinduism specifically about Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism. Stories from Bhagavata Puranas and Panchatantra can also be seen carved on the community wall. The walls of the entire temple are gracefully covered with various legends of Hinduism found in different ancient texts and scriptures.
On the exterior part of the temple, there are several sculptures of Shaivism and Vaishnavism like Natesha and Ganjendramoksha. Just like other Hindu temples, Mallikarjuna temple also has carvings of Kama scenes of couples resembling the Ajanta and Ellora in some ways. It also has a stone carving of a single woman with different emotional expressions.
👉Papanatha Temple
is made in the Vesara style in 680 AD. The temple was started in Nagara style but later changed to more balance Dravidian style.
Papanatha Temple is a Hindu Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in Pattadakal in Bagalkot District of Karnataka, India. This temple is part of Pattadakal Group of Monuments, an UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Temple complex is located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River. This temple has been dated to the mid-8th century by ASI. The Papanatha temple is situated apart from the main cluster of eight monuments. It is about half kilometer to the south of Virupaksha and has been dated towards the end of the Early Chalukya rule period, approximately mid-8th Century.
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This temple is known as Mukteshwar temple in the inscription. It appears to have been originally a modest structure but in all probability was extensively renovated at the time of construction of Virupaksha temple (AD 740). The monument is a protected site under Indian law and is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
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The temple is noted for its novel mixture of Dravida, and Nagara, Hindu temple styles. The unusual layout of the temple is possibly due to its construction, which occurred in three stages, but there is a lack of epigraphical evidence to support this hypothesis
Apart from these major temples, several small Shiva shrines are seen here. The abundance of Shiva temples here clearly indicates that the place was a great Shaiva center in ancient times.
👉Doddabasappa Temple
Dambal - A 12th-century Chalukyan marvel, the temple is admired for its star-shaped design, intricate carvings of elephants & a statue of Nandi (Lord Shiva's vehicle) at the entrance.
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